How Many Beef Cattle Are Raised Each Year

Breed of cattle

Beef cattle are cattle raised for meat production (as distinguished from dairy cattle, used for milk production). The meat of mature or well-nigh mature cattle is mostly known every bit beef. In beef production at that place are three main stages: cow-calf operations, backgrounding, and feedlot operations. The production wheel of the animals start at cow-calf operations; this operation is designed specifically to brood cows for their offspring. From hither the calves are backgrounded for a feedlot. Animals grown specifically for the feedlot are known as feeder cattle, the goal of these animals is fattening. Animals non grown for a feedlot are typically female and are commonly known as replacement heifers. While the master employ of beefiness cattle is meat production, other uses include leather, and beef by-products used in candy, shampoo, cosmetics, and insulin.

Calving and breeding [edit]

Also breeding to see the demand for beef product, owners also use selective breeding to attain specific traits in their beef cattle. An case of a desired trait could be leaner meat^[1] or resistance to illness.^[ii] Breeds known every bit dual-purpose are also used for beef production. These breeds accept been selected for two purposes at in one case, such equally both beefiness and dairy product, or both beefiness and draught. Dual-purpose breeds include many of the Zebu breeds of Bharat such as Tharparkar and Ongole Cattle. There are multiple continental breeds that were bred for this purpose as well. The original Simmental/Fleckvieh from Switzerland is a prime instance. Not just are they a dual-purpose breed for beefiness and dairy, but in the past they were also used for draught. Still, throughout the generations, the breed has diverged into two groups through selective breeding.^[three]

Most beef cattle are mated naturally, whereby a bull is released into a cowherd approximately 55 days afterwards the calving period, depending on the cows' body condition score (BCS). If it was a cow'south offset time calving, she volition take longer to re-brood by at least 10 days.^[4] Nevertheless, beefiness cattle tin as well be bred through artificial insemination,^[1] depending on the cow and the size of the herd. Cattle are normally bred during the summer and so that calving may occur the following spring.^[1] Withal, cattle breeding can occur at other times of year. Depending on the functioning, calving may occur all year round. Owners tin can select the breeding fourth dimension based on a number of factors, including reproductive operation, seasonal cattle pricing and treatment facilities.^[1]

At that place are many factors that come into play when selecting for a balderdash. Some of the most important factors are disease prevention/spread. Buying a balderdash who hasn't been tested for common diseases is a gamble, it would more likely transmit to a whole herd. Purchasing genetics that will improve the original herd rather than remaining the aforementioned or decreasing. Some breed for mothering abilities, some for size, some for meat properties, etc. Convenance Soundness Examination or BSE are essential to the quality of any bull, a general physical exam and inspection of both the genital organs and their productivity.^[5] Knowing more information about the animal will help brand an educated determination.

Cattle maintenance [edit]

Cattle handlers are expected to maintain a low stress environs for their herds, involving abiding safety, health, condolement, nourishment and humane handling. According to the Canadian National Farm Beast Care Council, beef cattle must have access to shelter from extreme weather, safe handling and equipment, veterinary intendance and humane slaughter.^[6] If an animal is infected or suspected to have an affliction, it is the responsibility of the owners to report it immediately to a practicing veterinary for either treatment or euthanasia.^[7] Depending on a multitude of factors (flavour, type of product system, stocking density, etc.), disease and illness can spread rapidly through the herd from beast to animal.^[eight] Owners are expected to monitor their cattle's status regularly for early on detection and treatment, as some cattle illnesses can threaten both cattle and human wellness (known as zoonotic)^[6] as witnessed with Mad cow disease and Tuberculosis.

On average, cattle will consume ane.4 to iv% of their trunk weight daily.^[9] There are a range of types of feed available for these animals. The standard text in the United States, Nutrient Requirements of Beefiness Cattle, has been through eight editions over at to the lowest degree seventy years.^[10] The 1996 seventh edition substituted the concept of metabolizeable protein for the sixth edition's crude protein.^{[xi] [12]} In the 20th century, Canadian practice followed the American guidance.^[13] Already in 1970, the Nutrient and Drug Administration was regulating pharmaceutical supplements in beef cattle feed such equally hormones and prophylactic antibiotics.^[14]

Some animals live on pasture their entire lives and therefore only experience fresh grass, these are typically cow-dogie operations in more than tropical climates. Backgrounded calves and feedlot animals tend to have different diets that comprise more grain than the pasture blazon. Grain is more expensive than pasture but the animals grow faster with the higher protein levels. Since cattle are herbivores and need roughage in their diet, silage, hay and/or haylage are all feasible feed options.^[fifteen] Despite this 3/fourth of the 32 pounds (14.52 kg) of feed cattle consume each day will exist corn.^[xvi] Cattle weighing m lbs. will potable an average of 41 L a day, and approximately 82 50 in hot weather condition.^[17] They need a abiding supply of skillful quality feed and drink h2o according to the v Freedoms of Animal Welfare.^[eighteen]

Most Beefiness cattle are finished in feedlots. The get-go feedlots were synthetic in the early on 1950s. Some of these feedlots grew and so large they warranted a new designation, "Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation" (CAFO). Most American beefiness cattle spend the last one-half of their lives in a CAFO.^[sixteen]

Cattle processing [edit]

A steer that weighs 1,000 lb (450 kg) when alive makes a carcass weighing approximately 615 lb (280 kg), once the claret, head, anxiety, skin, offal and guts are removed. The carcass is then hung in a cold room for between one and four weeks, during which time it loses some weight as h2o dries from the meat. It is and then deboned and cut past a butcher or packing house, the carcass would make about 430 lb (200 kg) of beef.^[19] Depending on what cuts of meat are desired, there is a calibration of marbled meat used to make up one's mind the quality. Marbling is the fat that is within the muscle, non effectually information technology. The more marbled a cut is, the college it will grade and be worth more.^[20]

Slaughtering of livestock has three distinct stages: preslaughter handling, stunning and slaughtering. The biggest business organisation is preslaughter handling, how the brute is treated before it is stunned and slaughtered. Stress at this time tin can cause agin furnishings on the meat, water access and lower stocking densities have been allowed to minimize this. However, access to feed is restricted for 12–24 hours prior to slaughtering for ease of evisceration. Stunning is done when the brute is restrained in a chute and so move is limited. Once restrained the animal can be stunned in one of three methods: penetrating convict bolt, non-penetrating captive bolt and gunshot. Nigh abattoirs utilise captive bolts over guns. Stunning ensures the animal feels no pain during slaughtering and reduces the animals stress, therefore increasing the quality of meat. The concluding pace is slaughtering, typically the fauna will exist hung past its back leg and its throat will be slit to allow exsanguination. The hide volition be removed for further processing at this point and the animal will be cleaved down with evisceration and decapitation. The carcass will be placed in a cooler for 24–48 hours prior to meat cutting.^[21]

Breeds [edit]

Brood	Origin	Description
Adaptaur	Australia	A tropically adapted Bos taurus breed, developed from crosses between Herefords and Shorthorns.
Afrikaner cattle	South Africa	Afrikaners are usually deep crimson or black with long spreading horns. They have the small cervico-thoracic hump typical of Sanga cattle.
Aberdeen Angus	Scotland	Pure black, sometimes with white at udder. Polled. Hardy and thrifty.
Australian Braford	Commonwealth of australia	Developed for resistance to ticks and for estrus tolerance by crossing Brahmans and Herefords.
Australian Brangus	Australia	Polled breed developed by crossing Angus and Brahman
Australian Charbray	Australia	Adult by crossing Charolais and Brahman and selected for resistance to heat, humidity, parasites and diseases.
Barzona	United States (Arizona)	Developed in the high desert, inter-mountain region of Arizona.
Beefalo	United states of america	Hybrid between a cow and an American bison.
Beef Shorthorn	England and Scotland	Suitable for both dairy and beef.
Beefmaster	U.s. (Texas)	Developed by breeding the Brahman, Shorthorn, and Hereford.
Belgian Blue	Belgium	Grey roan, or white with grey on head. Extremely muscular (double muscled). Fast-growing if well-fed.
Belmont Cerise	Commonwealth of australia	A composite breed using Africander (African Sanga) and Hereford-Shorthorn
Belted Galloway	Scotland	Black with white band effectually middle, stocky, fairly long pilus, polled. Very hardy and thrifty.
Black Hereford	United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland	A crossbreed produced past crossing a Hereford balderdash with Holstein or Friesian cows; used to obtain beef offspring from dairy cows. Not maintained equally a separate breed, although females may be used for further breeding with other beefiness bulls.
Blonde d'Aquitaine	France	Pale brown, paler round eyes and olfactory organ. Muscular. Fast-growing if well-fed.
Bonsmara	South Africa	Adult from x/xvi Afrikaner, 3/16 Hereford and 3/16 Shorthorn cattle.
Boran	East Africa (Ethiopia-Kenya)	Usually white, with the bulls being darker (sometimes almost blackness).
Brahman	India	Big, pendulous ears and dewlaps, hump over the shoulders.
Brangus	United States	Developed past crossing Angus and Brahman.
British White	Dandy U.k.	White trunk, with black (or sometimes red) ears, nose and anxiety; polled (hornless). Hardy and thrifty.
Caracu	Brazil
Charolais	French republic	Wholly white or cream, lyre-shaped pale horns, or polled. Fast-growing if well-fed.
Chianina	Italian republic	Dual-purpose, originally large draft brood, later selected for beef.
Corriente	Mexico	Hardy, small-scale, athletic, criollo-blazon, descended from Iberian cattle. Used in rodeo sports, noted for lean meat. Brusk horns, diverse colors, often spotted. Besides called Criollo or Chinampo.
Crioulo Lageano	Iberian Peninsula	400-year-former longhorn breed with around 700 individuals that live close to the plateau of Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
Dairy Shorthorn	Britain	Suitable for both dairy and beef.
Dexter	Ireland	Very small, black or dun, dark horns. Sometimes has a dwarfing gene, leading to very short legs. Hardy and thrifty.
Droughtmaster	Australia	Adult past crossing Brahman cattle with taurine breeds, particularly the Beef Shorthorn. Tolerant of estrus and ticks.
English language Longhorn	England	Red or brindle, with white back and belly. Very long cylindrical horns ordinarily spreading sideways or downwardly, often curving and even eventually making a circle. Medium size, hardy.
Fleckvieh	Switzerland	Red pied or solid red, polled or horned. Sturdy dual-purpose for beefiness and dairy. Formerly triple-purpose (beef, dairy and draught). Fast-growing if well-fed.
Florida Cracker cattle	United states of america	Pocket-sized, criollo-type descended from cattle brought to the Southern U.South. past the Castilian conquistadors. Adapted to subtropical climate, parasite-resistant. An endangered breed.
Galloway	Scotland	Black, stocky, fairly long pilus, polled. Very hardy and thrifty.
Gascon cattle	France	Grayness, hardy, maternal breed. Adept growth and conformation of calves. Suitable for all farming systems, bred pure or crossed with a terminal sire.
Gelbvieh	Federal republic of germany	Cherry, stiff skin pigmentation, polled. Superior fertility, calving ease, mothering power, and growth charge per unit of calves.[22]
Hanwoo	Korea
Hérens	Switzerland
Hereford	England	Cherry-red, white head, white finching on neck, and white switch.
Highland	Scotland	Pocket-size, stocky; black, red, dun or white. Very long coat and very long pale horns, upswept in cows and steers. Very hardy and thrifty.
Hungarian Grayness	Hungary	Robust, easy-calving and long-lived. Horns long, curved and directed upwardly. Slender and tall. Well-adapted to extensive pasture systems.
Irish Moiled	Ireland	Red with white back and belly, or white with red ears, nose and feet. Polled. Hardy and thrifty.
Jabres	Central Java, Republic of indonesia	Colors varied from light brownish to dark chocolate-brown with a black stripe spans from back to tail.
Japanese Shorthorn	Japan	A breed of small-scale beef cattle.
Limousin	Limousin and Marche regions of France	Mid-brown, paler round eyes and nose. Fast-growing if well-fed.
Lincoln Ruby	England
Lowline	Australia	Developed past selectively breeding modest Angus cattle.
Luing	Luing and surrounding Inner Hebrides, Scotland	Rough coat, blood-red-brown, polled. Bred past crossing Beef Shorthorn with Highland. Very hardy and thrifty.
Madurese	Due east Java, Indonesia	Small torso, short legs, reddish yellow hair.
Maine-Anjou	Anjou region in France	Cherry-red-and-white pied, polled, fast-growing if well-fed.
Mocho Nacional	Brazil	Polled
Murray Grayness	South Eastern Australia	Grey or silver polled cattle developed from a roan Shorthorn cow and an Angus bull. Easy-care versatile cattle that take been exported to many countries.
Nelore	Bharat	Exported to Brazil, where information technology has become a dominant breed.
Nguni	Due south Africa	Extremely hardy breed adult by the Nguni tribes for harsh African weather. Originally derived from the African Sanga cattle, although quite distinct. Three subgroups are recognized: Makhatini, Swazi and Pedi.
North Devon	Devon, Cornwall and Somerset, England	Ruby-red, white tail switch, white horns.
Piedmontese	Piedmont, Italia	Bred both for beef and dairy production; double-muscled. White-coloured and possessing myostatin genes.
Pineywoods	Gulf Coast, US	Landrace heritage endangered brood, lean, small, adapted to climate of the Deep South, disease-resistant. Short horns, various colors, oft spotted.
Pinzgauer	Austria	Ethnic to the Pinz Valley. Dairy cattle in Europe, but well-adapted to drier landscapes of the US, Commonwealth of australia and South Africa, where they are kept for beef production. Solid blood-red with very distinctive white bonfire from wither, down to tail tip and underside.
Ruby Angus	Commonwealth of australia, United States	Colour variety of Angus in some countries: solid carmine. Polled.
Red Poll	East Anglia in England	Crimson with white switch, polled (hornless), dual-purpose.
Red Sindhi	Sindh in Pakistan	Cherry Sindhi cattle are the most popular of all zebu dairy breeds. In Islamic republic of pakistan, they are kept for beef production or dairy farming.
Romagnola	Italy	Bred primarily for beef production; oft used as draught beasts in the past. White or grayness with black pigmented skin and up curving horns.
Romosinuano	Republic of colombia
Rubia Gallega	Spain	A breed of cattle native to the autonomous community of Galicia in n-western Spain. It is raised mainly for meat. It is distributed throughout Galicia, with nearly 75% of the population full-bodied in the province of Lugo. The glaze may exist red-blond, wheaten, or cinnamon-coloured.
Salers	France	Red. Hardy, like shooting fish in a barrel calving.
Santa Gertrudis	Southern Texas, United states of america	Developed by crossing red Shorthorn and Brahman.
Simmental	Western Switzerland	Yellowish-chocolate-brown, white head. Fast-growing if well-fed. Triple-purpose (beefiness, dairy and draught).
Shorthorn/Beefiness Shorthorn	Northern England	Ruby-red, red with white back and belly, or white.
Square Meater	New South Wales, Australia	Small, grey or silvery, polled; similar to Murray Grayness.
Sussex	South-e England	Rich chestnut cherry-red with white tail switch and white horns. Also used for draught until the early 20th century. Hardy and thrifty.
Tabapuan	Brazil
Tajima	Japan	Black Wagyu bred for internationally renowned beef such as Kobe and Matsuzaka.
Texas Longhorn	U.s.a.	Various colours, with very long, tapering, upswept horns – extending every bit much as 80 inches (2.0 m) tip to tip. Very hardy in dry climates. Calorie-free-muscled, so bulls oftentimes used for showtime-calf heifers.
Wagyū	Japan	Black, horned, and noted for heavy marbling (intramuscular fat deposition).
Welsh Black	Wales	Black, white upswept horns with blackness tips. Hardy.
White Park	Great Britain, Ireland	White, with blackness (or sometimes carmine) ears, nose and feet; white horns with dark tips. Hardy and thrifty.
Żubroń	Poland	Hybrid between a moo-cow and a European bison.

Run into also [edit]

• Conjugated linoleic acid
• List of cattle breeds

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d} "Beefiness Production". Academy of Guelph, Animal Sciences. Retrieved April half-dozen, 2013.
2. ^ "Beef Research School: What'southward the Latest Research on Antimicrobial Resistance?". RealAgricultureOnline. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
3. ^ "The History of Fleckvieh Dual Purpose Cattle". Improve Dairy Cow. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
4. ^ "Significant cows, timing of pregnancy, open cows, pregnancy charge per unit". University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Establish of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Retrieved February one, 2018.
5. ^ "Overview of Breeding Soundness Examination of the Male". Merck Manual Veterinary Manual. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
6. ^ ^{a b} "Recommended code of practice for the care and handling of farm animals: Beef cattle" (PDF). Agriculture Canada. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
7. ^ Eadie, Jim (May 16, 2017). "Lawmaking of Practice for the Care and Treatment of Beef Cattle". Beef Producer. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
8. ^ "Lawmaking of practice for the intendance and treatment of beef cattle: Review of scientific enquiry on priority issues" (PDF). Agriculture Canada. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
9. ^ "How much feed will my cow consume". Ministry building of Agriculture Alberta. Retrieved April half dozen, 2013.
10. ^ nap.edu: "Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle Eighth Revised Edition (2016)"
11. ^ uaex.edu: "Beef cattle nutrition series - Function iii: Nutrient Requirement Tables", University of Arkansas Sectionalization of Agriculture publication MP391
12. ^ National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Beef Cattle Nutrition: "Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, 6th revised edition 1984"
13. ^ www.carc-crac.ca: "Recommended code of practice for the intendance and handling of farm animals: Beefiness Cattle", p.two of the 1991 edition
14. ^ [https://annal.org/details/beefcattlefeedin1025weic/page/8 Weichenthal, B. A; Russell, H. G (1970): "Beefiness cattle feeding suggestions : nutrient requirements, balancing rations, protein supplements, suggested rations" Urbana, IL : University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Agronomics, Cooperative Extension Service
15. ^ "Feeding Beef Cattle: Tips for a Healthy, Pasture-Based Diet". Mother World News. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
16. ^ ^{a b} Pollan, Michael (2006). The Omnivores Dilemma. Penguin.
17. ^ "Beef Cattle: The codes of practice" (PDF). Agriculture Canada. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
18. ^ "5 Freedoms of Brute Welfare". Canadian Federation of Humane Societies. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
19. ^ "1000 lb. steer to 610 lbs. beef". Oklahoma Food Safety Sectionalisation. Retrieved Apr 6, 2013.
20. ^ "What is Marbling in Meat?". The Spruce. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
21. ^ "Meat processing - Livestock slaughter procedures". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
22. ^ "Breeds of Livestock". Gelbvieh. Archived from the original on November 4, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2008.

External links [edit]

• Oklahoma State University pages about cattle breeds.

johnsoncolooter1982.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_cattle

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